Category Archives: water leak detection

Effective Water Leak Detection Advice for Homeowners

water leak detection needed in this home.

Water leaks can lead to significant damage to your home if left undetected. They can cause structural issues, promote the growth of mold and mildew, and increase your water bills. As a homeowner, it is crucial to stay vigilant and be proactive in detecting water leaks to prevent these problems. In this article, we will provide you with effective water leak detection advice to help you identify and address leaks in a timely manner.

Understanding Water Leaks

Before we delve into the details of water leak detection, it is important to familiarize yourself with some common causes of leaks in a residential setting. By understanding the potential sources, you can proactively address these issues and minimize the risk of water damage.

1. Plumbing System: Faulty plumbing pipes, joints, or fixtures can develop leaks over time due to wear and tear or improper installation.

2. Appliances: Home appliances such as washing machines, dishwashers, and refrigerators with ice makers can develop leaks if not properly maintained or if their hoses and connections become damaged.

3. Roofing: Damaged or deteriorated roof shingles, flashing, or gutters can allow water to seep into your home.

4. Foundation: Cracks or gaps in your home’s foundation can lead to water intrusion, especially during heavy rains or flooding.

a man reading his expensive water bill.

If you notice a sudden spike in your water bills without any plausible explanation, it could be a sign of an undetected water leak.

Signs of Water Leaks

Early detection of water leaks can save you from expensive repairs and water damage. Here are some signs that may indicate the presence of a water leak:

1. Unexplained Increase in Water Bills: If you notice a sudden spike in your water bills without any plausible explanation, it could be a sign of an undetected water leak.

2. Musty Odor: A persistent musty smell, especially in areas like your basement or bathroom, could indicate the presence of mold or mildew caused by hidden water leaks.

3. Water Stains: Discoloration or water stains on ceilings, walls, or floors may suggest an underlying water leak.

4. Damp or Wet Spots: If you consistently find damp or wet spots in seemingly dry areas of your home, there may be a hidden water leak.

5. Reduced Water Pressure: A sudden decrease in water pressure throughout your home can be caused by a leak in the plumbing system.

6. Sounds of Running Water: If you can hear the sound of running water even when all faucets and appliances are turned off, there might be a hidden leak.

Water Leak Detection Methods

Now that you are aware of the common causes and signs of water leaks, let’s explore effective water leak detection methods:

Visual Inspection

Performing regular visual inspections of your home can help you identify visible signs of water leaks. Here’s what you should look for:

  • Check for any visible water stains or discoloration on ceilings, walls, or floors.
  • Inspect your plumbing fixtures, such as faucets, showers, and toilets, for any signs of leakage.
  • Examine your appliances, including washing machines, dishwashers, and water heaters, for any visible leaks or dampness around them.
  • Closely examine your roof and gutters for any damage or missing shingles that could potentially cause water leaks.
  • Inspect your basement and crawl spaces for any signs of water intrusion, such as puddles or dampness.
a water meter reading.

A water meter reading is an effective way to determine if there is a hidden water leak in your home.

Water Meter Reading

A water meter reading is an effective way to determine if there is a hidden water leak in your home. Follow these steps:

  • Ensure that all water-consuming appliances and fixtures, such as faucets, showers, and irrigation systems, are turned off.
  • Avoid using any water for a few hours, preferably overnight.
  • Check the water meter again after this period. If the reading has changed, it indicates a potential water leak.

Dye Test

A dye test is a simple yet effective method to check for leaks in your toilet tank. Follow these steps:

  • Add a few drops of food coloring to the toilet tank.
  • Avoid flushing the toilet for at least 30 minutes.
  • If the water in the bowl changes color, it indicates that water is leaking from the tank into the bowl.
  • Be sure to flush the toilet after the test to avoid staining.

Water Leak Detection Devices

Several advanced water leak detection devices are available on the market. These devices can help you identify leaks and even send alerts to your smartphone. Here are some popular options:

  • Water Leak Detectors: These devices can be placed near potential leak sources, such as appliances, sinks, or plumbing fixtures. They detect water accumulation and trigger an alarm when a leak is detected.
  • Automatic Shut-off Valves: These valves can be installed on your main water line. They automatically shut off the water supply to your home if a leak is detected.
  • Smart Water Monitors: These devices monitor your water usage and provide real-time alerts for abnormal consumption or potential leaks. Some even offer remote shut-off capabilities.
it is important to address plumbing water leaks immediately.

For major water leaks or those that require specialized attention, it is best to call a professional plumber.

Addressing Water Leaks

If you have detected a water leak in your home, it is essential to address it promptly to prevent further damage. Here are some steps you can take:

Small Plumbing Leaks

If you have identified a small plumbing leak, such as a dripping faucet or a minor pipe joint leak, you may attempt to fix it yourself if you have basic plumbing knowledge. Here’s what you can do:

  • Turn off the water supply to the affected fixture or area to avoid further leakage.
  • Use plumbing tape or a pipe sealant to repair minor leaks or loose fittings.
  • If needed, replace faulty washers or gaskets in faucets or valves.
  • Inspect the repaired area to ensure the leak has stopped.

Major Water Leaks

For major water leaks or those that require specialized attention, it is best to call a professional plumber. They have the necessary expertise and equipment to address complex water leak issues. A professional plumber can:

  • Perform a thorough inspection to identify the source of the leak.
  • Repair or replace damaged pipes, fixtures, or appliances.
  • Ensure that the repaired area is properly sealed and secured to prevent future leaks.
  • Provide recommendations for preventive measures to avoid future water leak incidents.

Preventive Measures

Prevention is always better than cure, and this holds true for water leaks as well. Here are some preventive measures you can take to minimize the risk of water leaks in your home:

  • Regularly inspect your plumbing system for signs of wear and tear, and address any issues promptly.
  • Monitor your water bills to notice any unexplained spikes that may indicate a leak.
  • Maintain your appliances and perform routine checks on their hoses and connections.
  • Clean and unclog your gutters regularly to prevent water buildup on your roof.
  • Ensure proper drainage around your home’s foundation and basement area.
  • Consider installing a whole-house water leak detection system for added protection.

Conclusion

Water leaks can cause extensive damage to your home if not detected and addressed in a timely manner. By familiarizing yourself with the common causes, signs, and effective detection methods mentioned in this article, you can proactively identify leaks and take the necessary steps to prevent further damage. Remember, regular inspections and preventive measures are key to maintaining a leak-free home. If you encounter a significant water leak, don’t hesitate to seek professional help to ensure that the issue is resolved correctly. Stay vigilant, and protect your home from the devastating effects of water leaks.

Common Causes of Water Leaks and How to Address Them

Tools used to fix water leaks in pipes.

If left unattended, water leaks can be a homeowner’s worst nightmare, causing significant damage and costly repairs. From faulty plumbing systems to leaking fixtures and appliances, identifying and addressing these issues promptly is crucial. In this article, we’ll explore the most common causes of water leaks that homeowners face. By understanding these causes and learning how to address them effectively, you can protect your property, save money, and ensure a safe living environment for your family. Let’s delve into the world of water leaks and empower you to tackle them head-on.

Common Causes of Water Leaks

Faulty Plumbing Systems

One of the leading causes of water leaks in homes is a faulty plumbing system. Over time, pipes can deteriorate due to age, leading to cracks and leaks. Loose or damaged pipe connections can result in water seepage at the joints. Corrosion or rust buildup weakens the integrity of pipes, making them prone to leakage. Pipe joint failures can occur due to poor installation or wear and tear. Regularly inspecting your plumbing system is essential to detect any signs of aging, corrosion, or loose connections. If you notice persistent or worsening leaks, it’s advisable to choose a plumber to work with for professional expertise and reliable repairs.

Leaking Fixtures and Appliances

Leaking fixtures and appliances are another common cause of water leaks in homes. Dripping faucets waste water and can be a nuisance with the constant sound. Malfunctioning toilet flappers can result in continuous water running and unnecessary water usage. Faulty washing machine hoses are notorious for causing significant water damage if they rupture or leak. Additionally, leaking water heaters can not only result in water wastage but also affect the efficiency of your heating system. Promptly addressing these leaks by replacing faulty washers, seals, or components is crucial to prevent water wastage, reduce utility bills, and avoid potential damage to your home.

An outdoor faucet leaking in the winter.

A dripping faucet can be very dangerous, especially if it’s external.

Roofing Issues

When it comes to water leaks, roofing issues can’t be ignored. Damaged or missing shingles create openings for water to penetrate your home during rainfall. Improperly sealed roof vents can be another vulnerable spot for water intrusion. Cracked or damaged flashing around chimneys, skylights, or roof valleys can allow water to seep in. Clogged gutters and downspouts can lead to water overflow, causing potential leaks and water damage.

Foundation Problems

Foundation problems can contribute to water leaks and require immediate attention. A cracked or shifting foundation can create openings for water to seep into your home. Improper drainage around the foundation can result in water pooling near the base, increasing the likelihood of leaks. Plumbing leaks beneath the foundation can go unnoticed for extended periods, causing water damage and structural issues. Remember, leaks in the basement can be very dangerous, leading to mold growth and compromising the structural integrity of your home. It’s crucial to consult with foundation specialists to assess and address any foundation problems promptly.

How to Address Water Leaks

Early Detection and Monitoring

Early detection of water leaks and monitoring are crucial in preventing water leaks and minimizing potential damage. Regularly inspecting your plumbing system, fixtures, and appliances can help you identify leaks or signs of deterioration. Keep an eye out for water stains, dampness, or unusual odors. Monitoring your water bills for unexpected increases can also indicate hidden leaks. To enhance monitoring, consider using leak detection devices and other technology to detect leaks before they become major problems.

A plumber working on something that causes water leaks.

One of the smartest things you could do when handling common causes of water leaks is to call a professional for help.

Fixing Plumbing System Leaks

When it comes to addressing plumbing system leaks, swift action is key. If you notice a water leak, the first step is identifying its source. That may involve visually inspecting visible pipes, checking for water stains, or employing leak detection equipment. Once the source is determined, repair or replace the damaged pipes or fittings promptly. For complex repairs or if you’re unsure about the best course of action, it’s advisable to contact a nearby plumbing professional.

Resolving Fixture and Appliance Leaks

Dripping faucets and faulty toilet flappers are common culprits that can often be fixed by replacing worn-out washers or seals. Similarly, addressing faulty components in appliances like water heaters and washing machines is essential to prevent leaks and ensure optimal efficiency. Upgrading to more efficient fixtures and appliances can also help prevent future leaks and conserve water.

Addressing Roofing Issues

As we’ve mentioned, unkempt roofing is one of the most common causes of water leaks. Regular roof inspections are essential to promptly identify and address issues that faulty roofing causes. Timely repairs or replacements of damaged roofing and ensuring proper roof ventilation can safeguard your home against water leaks. By implementing the following maintenance strategies, you can effectively safeguard your home against water leaks and protect its structural integrity:

  1. replacing damaged shingles, 
  2. resealing roof vents, 
  3. repairing flashing, 
  4. maintaining clean gutters and downspouts. 

Dealing with Foundation Problems

Plumbing leaks beneath the foundation can easily go undetected but cause substantial damage over time. To tackle these problems, consult foundation specialists who can assess and address the underlying issues. Fixing drainage problems, repairing foundation cracks, and resolving plumbing leaks are crucial steps to prevent water intrusion and preserve the stability and safety of your home. Choose trusted professionals to ensure effective solutions and minimize the risk of future foundation-related leaks.

A crack in the foundation of a home.

Promptly fixing some of the more serious cracks and issues in your home’s foundation is important for addressing current and preventing future water leaks.

Preventive Measures for Future Leaks

Preventive measures are vital to minimize the risk of future water leaks in your home. Insulating exposed pipes is a simple yet effective way to protect them from freezing and potentially bursting during cold weather. Installing water leak detection systems adds an extra layer of security by alerting you to potential leaks early on. Regular maintenance of fixtures, appliances, and plumbing systems helps identify and address issues before they escalate into major leaks.

Protect Your Items During Repairs

While addressing water leaks is essential, protecting your belongings during repairs or renovations is also crucial. If you need to temporarily store furniture, electronics, or other valuables during the process, consider renting a storage unit. A secure and climate-controlled storage unit can safeguard your items until your home is leak-free and fully restored. Experts from City Movers also recommend utilizing certain packing and inventory strategies while your items are in the unit. That way, you can more easily access them if needed.

Conclusion

Water leaks can wreak havoc on your home and finances if left unaddressed. By understanding the common causes of water leaks and taking proactive steps to resolve them, homeowners can prevent costly repairs and maintain a safe living environment. Remember, early detection and regular maintenance are key to preventing water leaks. When faced with plumbing issues, choose a nearby local plumber to work with for prompt and reliable service. By staying vigilant and taking preventive measures, you can protect your home from the damaging effects of water leaks and ensure peace of mind for years to come.

How Do Plumbers Detect Leaks?

leaks in the pipes

Facing leaks in the home can be a severe issue. One that can be tough to detect and even harder to fix sometimes. It also requires a lot of patience and money to invest. If left unchecked, it can be an even bigger disaster. Not two of the leaks are the same. They can also be very easy or challenging to detect. Some are well hidden that you do not even know you are suffering from one. It can often be seen as a spike in the water bills and can be the only way to spot it. The best solution is to hire professional plumbers and have regular inspections. But how do plumbers detect leaks? This article will discuss some methods and technology plumbers use to detect water leaks.

How to detect leaks

Apart from detecting the leakage with your eyes, leaks can be extremely tough to spot, even for a trained eye. Leaks can be found deep in the plumbing system, below ground, or in walls, so no matter how much of a good vision you have, you still won’t be able to detect them. Modern technology has allowed us to improve our “shortcomings” and make our lives much easier. Here are some of the methods modern plumbers use:

  • visual “eye” detection
  • sound detection
  • detection by pressure
  • video-feed detection

According to experts at chicagoplumbingexperts.com, these methods have proven to be the best and most adequate means of discovering leaks in plumbing systems. They also state that using the correct tools is the key and should always be left to professionals to handle it. 

Detecting leaks

The first thing every expert plumber will do when coming to your home is to make an inspection. That means that he will take his time to assess and discover any potential leaks by eye. He will search the most common and less common spots where leaks can occur. This method is the basis of every plumbing inspection and a staple to many regular check-ups and inspections you must undergo. A well-trained eye will spot any abnormalities that might be occurring. Another interesting method that they implore is sound detection. Although it can be challenging to assess the spot where leaks could be, it can be a great tool in narrowing down the general location of the leaks. After the inspection, he will continue the search with modern tools.

a plumber detecting leaks

Visual and sound detection is how plumbers detect leaks.

Video inspection

The video inspection is the most precise leak inspection there is. Video inspection consists of small cameras mounted atop long and flexible optic cables. With them, skilled experts can access the plumping system through the outlets and search for leaks. The image will then be sent directly to the monitor, giving a live feed from the optic cable. Although it may be slow, this method guarantees precision findings. It enables the plumber to access the system’s otherwise inaccessible parts and precisely locate the leaks. As stated by evolutionmoving.com experts, this method is also helpful when you have pipes that go through inaccessible walls blocked by furniture. Instead of moving all the furnishings for a better view of the pipes, you can just use the drain camera inspection service.

Video inspection is a good way of finding leaks

Plumbers detect leaks with listening discs

Another handy tool every plumber should have is the listening disc. Detecting leaks through walls and furnishings has never been easier. These discs search for sound frequencies of the leaking water. The plumber listens to the water running through the system and detects changes. That has become a primary method to pinpoint the vicinity and location of the possible leak. The plumber will see that location on the screen and determine how to proceed next. Another great ability of these discs is that they can detect sounds through thick materials such as brick, concrete, and stone.

Hurt your chances of a sale

Many things can hurt the price and chances of sale for your home. Owning broken or lousy plumbing is one of them. It is even on the top of the list of things that hurt your property the most. Bad plumbing can hurt your chances for sale drastically. It also devalues the house and can lead to buyers unwilling to invest in your property. It has become a staple for buyers to do a routine check or inspection of the plumbing system. Since it is very costly and tough to replace you entire home plumbing pipes or spend hours and thousands of dollars on repairs, many buyers don’t bother to invest. That is why owning a flawed or broken plumbing system hurts the chances of a sale.

Plumbers detect leaks with soiling probes

Soling probe is an excellent method of detecting leaks. Leaks in the sewer lines can be complicated to spot. The lines also go through lawns and yards, making it even more difficult. That is where soiling probes come in. These gadgets track the pressure in the pipelines and help pinpoint the leak’s location. It detects pressure spikes through the earth, grass, and even concrete, emitting a beeping sound. The sound gets louder as the device approaches the point of leakage. Due to the different sounds, a seasoned plumber can then detect the exact leaking point and nature of the leak and prepare for the repair process accordingly.

Thermal imaging cameras

Like the video inspection we discussed in the previous paragraph, thermal cameras work similarly. These “heat scanners” help detect the most complex leaks hidden in walls, concrete, or hot water systems. These thermal cameras find heat spots and signatures and make them visible on the monitor. This way, you can spot things an eye can’t see, such as moisture. They are exact and can easily find any leaking spots. These cameras are ideal for covering larger areas quickly, so you won’t be spending much time trying to assess the possible location of leaks.

thermal image

One of the best methods of finding leaks is using thermal imaging cameras

How Does Water Leak Detection Work?

plumbing-leak

Plumbing leaks are one of the most common problems homeowners have to deal with. The plumbing in your home can leak as a result of poor installation and inferior materials. Leaks may also happen as pipes and connectors start to age or they can be the result of extreme weather changes.

Every year in the USA, the cost of property damage from water leaks is more than the combined damage from break-ins and house fires. According to data from the Insurance Information Institute, the average claim for a single plumbing leak is $10,234 and there are hundreds of thousands of these claims every year.

But this is not just a problem for your insurance company. Plumbing leaks affect the physical structures of your home and impair the aesthetic appeal of your building. The possibility of leaks and water damage happening in your house is a huge factor in how much insurance premium you pay.

Part of what makes plumbing leaks such a huge problem is that water travels through almost every part of the home. There are many potential locations where pipes can spring a leak and cause damage to the house. Monitoring pipes to prevent leaks is something homeowners simply cannot keep up with.

But, at the same time, due to how easy it is for pipes to leak and the high cost of fixing the resulting damage, this is something homeowners must do. Is there a hassle-free way to monitor the pipes in your home to detect water leaks before they cause expensive damage? Thankfully there is.

Leak detection systems and how they work

water-leak-detection-plumber

A leak detection system is a device that monitors the home’s plumbing in real-time, twenty-four hours every day. It relieves homeowners of the anxiety of living with the prospect of undetected leaks. It spares them the unplanned cost of fixing an unexpected plumbing leak by stopping leaks before they cause damage.

The leak detection system is installed in the home’s plumbing where it actively monitors the movement of water from the main water supply into the home. The device works by detecting unusual variations in the flow of water and shutting down the supply whenever it finds abnormalities in the flow of water.

There are different types of water leak detection systems. There are whole house water leak detection systems and water leak detection systems that help find leaks in specific parts of the home. Whole-house systems typically use mechanical turbines or ultrasound.

Whole house water leak detection systems

These systems monitor water flow by counting the number of gallons of water passing through the pipes and noting the time delays. All water leak detection systems – mechanical turbine systems, as well as ultrasonic systems – come with a built in valve that can be closed to cut off the water supply to the home.

Mechanical turbine systems

They are equipped with a propeller that spins as water passes over its blades into the home. The device counts how many gallons are passing through, noting variations in water flow and the time intervals between them.  

This data is sent back to the system and stored there. Since water usage in the home follows patterns – low-usage, high-usage, or no-usage – once the system senses prolonged periods of water usage that do not conform to the established pattern, it will shut down the water supply.

Ultrasonic water leak detection systems

This kind of leak detection system uses ultrasonic waves that are transmitted through the upstream and downstream sections of the plumbing system. These waves are used to record the rate of flow and detect irregular flow patterns. 

The acquired data can be relayed to your Smartphone via your home’s Wi-Fi. Just like a mechanical detection system, an ultrasonic water leak detection system will shut down the supply if the water flow exceeds the expected amount of time.

Moisture-sensing water leak detection systems

This type of system uses the presence of excessive moisture to detect leaks. If, for instance, the device detects that moisture is building up around the floorboards, it will shut off the water flow. Moisture-sensing leaks detectors are better for detecting leaks around specific points in the home, such as under the sink. They are less effective for detecting potential leaks.

leak-detection-plumber

Why your home needs a water leak detection system

Your home is more likely to suffer a plumbing leak than get burgled, burned down, or struck by lightning. A water leak detection system protects you from this all-too-common problem. Installing a water leak detection system means instant peace of mind.

A water leak detection system will prevent water wastage. Hundreds of thousands of homes in America pay more than they should for water because a large percentage of the water that goes into their homes is lost through plumbing leaks. A water leak detection system will reduce your water bill and also have a positive impact on your insurance premium.

A water leak detection system preserves your family’s health by preventing mold. Mold and water leaks go hand-in-hand because water leaks provide the right environment for the growth of mold. A water leak detection system will save you the money you would have spent on dealing with mold poisoning.

Top Reasons for Water Leaks in the Home

water leak in home.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leaks can cause extensive damages to your home and the repairs may be costly. The impacts of water leaks are numerous. Some of them include:

Increase in your water bills

If you have leaks in your home, your water bills will increase. Even when the leaks appear small, they can waste a copious amount of water. According to epa.gov, if one faucet is leaking at the rate of one drop per second, it translates to about 3000 gallons of water in a year. You can as well shower that volume of water about 180 times. Imagine how much you are spending on 3000 gallons of water every year without using it.

Water damage and mold growth

Leaks cause water damage, and molds thrive in high humidity. The presence of water leaks in your home will create a suitable environment for mildew. Molds that grow during water damage are harmful to the health of occupants. Water damage causes several negative impacts on your home. It can damage your ceiling, drywall, wood, furniture, carpet, and appliances. Water damage can also destroy the foundation of your property and reduce the home’s value.

Safety concerns

Leaks in a property can render it unfit for habitation. Remember, water and electricity do not mix. If the leak is close to electricity sources, it can make the house prone to electrocution. We advise that you always switch off the electric supply to the area where the leak is active. Another safety concern is that the water spills on the floor will make it slippery and cause falls.

There are several other impacts of water leaks. To protect your home from all these occurrences, it is essential to know the top reasons for water leaks. When you know the causes, you can prevent them from occurring. Below are the common causes of water leaks in the home.

High water pressure

The normal pressure of water inside the pipes in your home should be between 40 to 70 psi. Appliances, pipes, and pipe joints cannot withstand water pressures higher than 70 psi. If the water pressure in your home is too high, the pipes will rupture, resulting in leaks or burst pipes. To prevent this, you can monitor the water pressure in your home by using a pressure gauge.

Damaged pipe joints

Pipe joints are the weakest spots in water pipes. Because of that, leaks often occur here. If there is excessive water movement or pressure at the pipe joints, they easily break down and cause leaks. Your plumber can help you assess the pipe joint and reinforce them to prevent leaks.

Broken seals

Seals occur in several parts of your plumbing system. Following high water pressure, age, or poor installation, the seals break down. When this happens, water starts to leak from those spots. Your plumber can remove all old seals and install new ones properly.

Air conditioners

Functioning air conditioners produce water, but this water flows through a duct and discharges outside the house. Sometimes, this may not be the case. Instead of the water flowing outside, it drips inside and pours on the walls. That may be due to overflowing condensate pans or poor installation. Here, your HVAC specialist should assess the air conditioner and fix the problem.

Clogged lines

The primary reason you have clogs in your drain pipes may be because you pour harmful things into your drain. One of such things is grease or cooking oil. Grease solidifies inside the drain pipes and causes clogging. Clogs often manifest as leaks. If you have been pouring grease, cooking oils, or other harmful things into your drain, get professional drain cleaning plumbers to clear these clogs.

Corroded pipes

Pipes corrode for various reasons. It could be due to corrosive substances in the water, age, destabilizing movements, bacteria, or normal wear and tear. When pipes corrode, they start leaking. Hire a plumber to locate and assess your leaking pipes and replace corroded ones to prevent leaks.

Loosening water connectors

During the installation of water appliances, water connectors help to attach the water fixtures to the water supply. Over time, the water connectors may loosen following vibrations or shifting of the gadgets. If you notice that there are leaks at these spots, get an expert to fix it.

Other appliances

Leaks can occur because of your water appliances. Common appliances that can cause water leaks include washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, and water heaters. Conduct routine servicing and maintenance of your water appliances to prevent leaks.

In a nutshell

Outdoor leaks are not as common as indoor leaks. You can also inspect your outdoor areas for leaks. The sources of outdoor leaks are the roof, gutters, ruptured underground pipes, tree root intrusion, downspouts, and sewer pumps. As a routine, always hire professional plumbers to conduct a comprehensive assessment of your plumbing system.

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